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Journal article
Cambridge Journal of Economics:
Profitability of small- and medium-sized enterprises in Marshall?s time: sector and spatial heterogeneity in the nineteenth century

New data on profit heterogeneity of small- and medium-sized firms for 1861?81 in England and Wales are used to reinterpret Marshall's contemporary insights. Profit level differences are chiefly explained by location, mai...Read more...

Robert J Bennett, Piero Montebruno, Harry Smith and Carry van Lieshout

1 January 2022

Journal article
History of the Family:
Households and entrepreneurship in England and Wales, 1851-1911

This article uses the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE) to examine the relationship between the household and entrepreneurship in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. The BBCE allows three kinds of entr...Read more...

Robert J Bennett, Piero Montebruno, Harry Smith and Carry van Lieshout

18 August 2021

Journal article
Business History:
Changes in Victorian entrepreneurship in England and Wales 1851-1911: methodology and business population estimates

The full population of England and Wales employers and own-account business proprietors is estimated using population censuses 1851?1911. The main contribution of the article is a method of mixed single imputation to ove...Read more...

Robert J Bennett, Piero Montebruno, Harry Smith and Carry van Lieshout

30 March 2021

Journal article
Business History:
The population of non-corporate business proprietors in England and Wales 1891?1911

This article uses population censuses to provide the first consistent counts of the population of business proprietors for 1891?1911. After appropriate adjustments for imperfect Census design the article confirms the per...Read more...

Robert J Bennett, Piero Montebruno and Harry Smith

1 December 2020

Journal article
Information Processing and Management:
Machine learning classification of entrepreneurs in British historical census data

This paper presents a binary classification of entrepreneurs in British historical data based on the recent availability of big data from the I-CeM dataset. The main task of the paper is to attribute an employment status...Read more...

Robert J Bennett, Piero Montebruno, Harry Smith and Carry van Lieshout

1 May 2020

Journal article
Social History:
Female entrepreneurship: business, marriage and motherhood in England and Wales, 1851?1911

This article offers a new perspective on what it meant to be a business proprietor in Victorian Britain. Based on individual census records, it provides an overview of the full population of female business proprietors i...Read more...

Robert J Bennett, Piero Montebruno, Harry Smith and Carry van Lieshout

1 October 2019

Journal article
Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications:
A tale of two tails: do Power Law and Lognormal models fit firm-size distributions in the mid-Victorian era?

The paper explores the frequency and size distributions of firm-size in a novel dataset for the mid-Victorian era from a recent extraction of the England and Wales population censuses of 1851, 1861, 1871, and 1881. The p...Read more...

Robert J Bennett, Piero Montebruno, Harry Smith and Carry van Lieshout

1 June 2019