Empirical work has drawn attention to the high degree of productivity differences within industries and their role in resource allocation. This paper examines the allocational efficiency of such markets. Productivity differences introduce two new margins of potential inefficiency: selection of the right distribution of firms and allocation of the right quantities across firms. We show that these considerations affect welfare and policy analysis, and market power across firms leads to distortions in resource allocation. Demand-side elasticities determine how resources are misallocated and when increased competition from market expansion provides welfare gains. ? 2019 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.

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1 February 2019

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Journal of Political Economy 127(1) , pp.196-232, 2019

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DOI: 10.1086/700732

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/700732

This Journal article is published under the centre's Trade programme.