The issue of jobs of members of the family of the elect is more complex. How do I know if a person got a job, or a higher wage, because of his family ties with an elected official? This is the problem that have tried to solve Stefano Gagliarducci and Marco Manacorda ("Politics in the family: anti-nepotism and the hiring decisions of Italian firms", no. 9841, January 2017, link to PDF IZA working paper). They combined an extensive database covering 500,000 men and women politicians on nearly thirty years, and a random sample of one million employees in the private sector.

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